Strengthening Patient Safety and Healthcare Outcomes: An Integrative Review of Clinical Laboratory Practices, Quality Management Systems, and Emerging Technologies.

Abstract

Clinical laboratories are fundamental to modern healthcare, providing over two-thirds of the information required for accurate diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and disease prevention. The quality of laboratory practices directly impacts patient safety, yet errors across the pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical phases continue to contribute to adverse healthcare outcomes worldwide. This review explores the integrative role of clinical laboratories in strengthening patient safety and improving healthcare outcomes through three interconnected domains: best practices in laboratory operations, quality management systems (QMS), and the adoption of emerging technologies. Drawing on recent literature (2015–2025), the article synthesizes evidence on how standardized protocols, accreditation systems such as ISO 15189, and continuous quality improvement initiatives reduce diagnostic errors and enhance reliability. Furthermore, the review examines the transformative potential of automation, artificial intelligence, digital pathology, and point-of-care testing in improving diagnostic accuracy, turnaround times, and cost-effectiveness. While the integration of advanced technologies offers significant opportunities, challenges remain in terms of cost, workforce readiness, ethical considerations, and regulatory compliance. The findings underscore the necessity of embedding strong quality management frameworks and strategically adopting technological innovations to optimize laboratory efficiency, reduce errors, and strengthen patient-centered care. Ultimately, clinical laboratories serve not only as diagnostic hubs but also as critical drivers of healthcare excellence and innovation.