Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs): Structure, Synthesis, Characterization, and Emerging Applications in Energy, Environment, and Biomedicine

Abstract

A family of porous crystalline compounds known as Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) creates highly structured three-dimensional structures by coordinating metal ions or clusters to organic linkers. MOFs have attracted a lot of attention in a variety of scientific and industrial fields because of their exceptional surface area, adjustable pore diameters, and chemical adaptability. In addition to examining the structural building blocks of MOFs, which include primary and secondary building units, this analysis highlights the historical development of MOFs from the groundbreaking synthesis of MOF-5. In terms of scalability, sustainability, and morphological control, a number of synthesis techniques solvothermal, microwave-assisted, sonochemical, mechanochemical, and electrochemical are thoroughly explained. Characterization techniques such BET measurement, FTIR, TGA, SEM, and XRD and NMR are investigated to determine chemical structure, surface area, heat resistance, and crystallinity. Additionally covered is the vast array of uses for MOFs, ranging from drug administration and biological imaging to gas adsorption and separation, energy storage, catalysis, and water purification. MOFs have a bright future ahead of them, especially in advanced medicine, environmental remediation, and green energy. The review highlights how MOFs are essential components in new technologies due to their structural tunability and post-synthetic modifications, which make them incredibly adaptable for certain applications.