Cost-Benefit Analysis of Advanced Adsorbent Beads for Industrial Water Filtration

Abstract

This paper systematically evaluates the performance stability and long-term cost-effectiveness of advanced adsorbent beads in industrial water filtration, focusing on the impact of regeneration methods and incorporation of porosity-enhancing agents. With a PRISMA-guided literature review, the study assesses how acid, base and solvent washing influence adsorption capacity and chemical stability across multiple regeneration cycles. The effect of halloysite nanotubes, biochar, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) on bead durability and treatment per cost cycle is analyzed. Findings suggest that regeneration efficiency affects both adsorption performance and material longevity, with certain acid and solvent protocols maintaining over 80% of initial capacity after ten cycles. The integration of porosity-enhancers such of biochar and MOFs improves both surface area and resilience, yielding reduced cost per treatment cycle and allowing for scale-up. However, due to variability in bead material properties and incomplete reporting on regeneration chemistry, constrains widespread adoption. The implications of the study highlight the necessity of standardizing regeneration protocols, enhancing material production for industrial scalability, and progressing sustainable manufacturing methods. This study enhances the existing knowledge of adsorbent bead distribution, offering a structure for assessing sustainable and economical water solution treatment technologies.