Isolation, Characterization, and efflux pump-mediated antibiotic resistance in biofilm forming Staphylococcus Saprophyticus

Abstract

Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a coagulase-negative is getting more attention for its role in infections and hospital-acquired persistence. This study examines at the biofilm-forming abilities, antibiotic resistance profiles, and efflux pump activity of environmental S. saprophyticus isolates. Biofilm development showed increased biomass at 45°C and alkaline pH, indicating adaptive virulence. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed multidrug resistance, specifically to erythromycin, rifampicin, and tetracycline. Efflux pump activity was assessed using the ethidium bromide cartwheel method, with fluorescence intensity inversely proportional to efflux efficiency. Isolates that showed substantial biofilm development also had active efflux systems, indicating a synergistic resistance mechanism. These findings highlight S. saprophyticus clinical importance as a resilient pathogen, as well as the necessity for integrated therapy strategies that address both biofilm and efflux-mediated resistance. The study recommends increased environmental surveillance and the potential use of efflux pump inhibitors to restore antibiotic efficacy.