Bariatric Surgery's Function in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Obesity is frequently linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a progressive metabolic disease. Bariatric surgery has become a viable treatment option with weight-dependent and weight-independent benefits, while conventional medical management achieves variable glycemic control.

Objective: To thoroughly examine the available data regarding how bariatric surgery affects T2DM patients' glycemic control, remission rates, and long-term results.

Results: Bariatric procedures, specifically Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy, were linked to significant decreases in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, and the need for diabetes medication across a number of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies. At 1–3 years after surgery, remission rates varied from 30% to 80%, and the type of procedure, residual β-cell function, and baseline disease duration all had an impact on durability. Although some patients experienced a long-term relapse of hyperglycemia, bariatric surgery also improved insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular risk factors, and quality of life.

Conclusion: Bariatric surgery is a useful treatment for enhancing glycemic control and bringing about remission in individuals with type 2 diabetes, especially those who are obese and have had the disease for a shorter period. To optimize benefits and maintain remission, long-term monitoring and customized patient selection are crucial.