Model of Independence of Mothers with Diabetes Mellitus in Exclusive Breastfeeding with an Experiental Learning Care-Based Approach Theory of Goal Attainment in Pekanbaru

Abstract

Introduction: Breastfeeding behavior and maternal independence are often only associated with child health outcomes. However, based on the Life Journey Theory, maternal behavior also influences the broader family context. This study aimed to develop and test a model to increase independence in exclusive breastfeeding among mothers with diabetes mellitus (DM) through an Experiential Learning Care (ELC) approach integrated with the Theory of Goal Attainment.

Methods: This research was conducted in two phases. Phase I applied a non-experimental, explanatory quantitative design with 189 respondents from 21 health centers in Pekanbaru. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). Phase II used a quasi-experimental design with non-equivalent control and intervention groups (20 participants each), analyzed using independent sample t-tests.

Results: In Phase I, exclusive breastfeeding knowledge had a significant relationship with ELC (Path Coefficient = 0.6874; t = 19.4052), decision-making (0.6173; t = 12.4414), and action (0.2806; t = 3.9609). The ELC construct showed an R² value of 0.408. In Phase II, pre-test results showed no significant difference in knowledge between groups (p = 0.468), while post-test results indicated a significant improvement in the intervention group (p = 0.000), confirming the model’s effectiveness.

Conclusion: The integration of ELC with the Theory of Goal Attainment significantly improves knowledge and independence in exclusive breastfeeding among DM mothers. The introduction of a structured Exclusive Breastfeeding Diary further enhances maternal self-awareness and problem-solving skills.