Genetic Mosaic: ABO & Rh Blood Group Distribution in a multi-ethnic Medical College Cohort” – a cross sectional study

Abstract

Background: Study of blood group distribution is not only of importance in the field of transfusion medicine, but also serves as a valuable tool in understanding population genetics, anthropology, and ethnic diversity as well as to understand the incidence and prevalence of non-communicable and communicable diseases as well as rare diseases occurrence and propensity in a particular population cohort.  The pattern of ABO and Rh blood groups varies across regions, communities, and ethnic groups, offering insight into the genetic mosaic of populations. In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the ethnic variation of ABO blood groups among first-year MBBS students of P. A. Sangma International Medical College. The unique diversity of this student cohort provides an opportunity to explore the genetic and ethnic heterogeneity represented within this institution. Moreover, this type of study was not done before involving the tribes in the state of Meghalaya.

Aim: To identify the distribution of blood groups among first-year MBBS students of P. A. Sangma International Medical College, Meghalaya, and to analyse their variation across different ethnic backgrounds.

Materials and Methods: ABO & Rh Blood groups of the students were found out using slide agglutination method using commercially available antisera. The weight of the students was measured by digital weighing machine and height measured by stadiometer.

Results: The majority of students had O positive (34.97%), B positive (31.29%), and A positive (22.70%) blood groups; 61.96% were female and 43.56% belonged to tribal communities. Mean age was 20.8 years, average BMI 24.16, and most followed a mixed diet. Distinct blood group patterns were observed among different tribes with predominance of O positive and A positive amongst Khasi tribes and B Positive in Garo tribes with O positive in Galo tribes and O Positive and A positive in Ao tribes.

Discussion:  This study reveals predominance of O+ and B+ blood groups and marked tribal/non-tribal variation among MBBS students, highlighting the region’s ethnic diversity and supporting transfusion services, genetic, and public health planning.

Conclusion: O and B groups were most common, Rh positivity prevailed, and unique ethnic and gender-linked differences highlight regional genetic influences.