Characterization of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Chronic Oral Inflammatory Conditions Using Molecular Techniques in Eastern India

Abstract

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a primary periodontal pathogen associated with chronic oral inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis and gingivitis. Its presence and virulence in oral biofilms play crucial roles in tissue damage and the systemic inflammatory load. This study identified P. gingivalis in patients with chronic oral inflammation at the Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar using molecular diagnostic methods. This study involved 60 patients aged 25–60 years who were diagnosed with chronic periodontitis or severe gingivitis. Subgingival plaque samples were collected under sterile conditions, cultured, and examined for black pigmented colonies. Biochemical characterization and DNA extraction were performed using established techniques. P. gingivalis was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene, followed by gel electrophoresis. Positive samples were sequenced, compared with known strains, and submitted to the NCBI database. P. gingivalis was identified in 42 out of 60 patients (70%). Patients with severe periodontitis had higher bacterial loads than those with mild-to-moderate inflammation. Sequencing confirmed the pathogenic characteristics of these isolates. This study highlights the role of molecular diagnostics in identifying periodontal pathogens in Eastern India, thereby supporting accurate diagnosis and treatment. These findings provide molecular epidemiological insights into Odisha and improve our understanding of oral microbial diversity in Indian populations.