Physicochemical Characterization and Antidiabetic Potential of Libyan Balanites aegyptiaca Extract in Male Rabbits

Abstract

Background: Balanites aegyptiaca has long been utilized in traditional medicine for its nutritional and therapeutic value. However, systematic evaluation of its physicochemical composition, antioxidant constituents, and metabolic effects remains limited. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical properties of Balanites aegyptiaca extract were analyzed, including moisture, ash, crude fiber, protein, oil, and carbohydrate content. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed to quantify α-tocopherol, while in vivo experiments assessed the extract’s impact on plasma glucose and HbA1c levels in male rabbits. Results: The extract demonstrated a favorable nutritional profile, with low moisture (3.16 ± 0.62%) supporting stability, moderate ash (2.98 ± 0.55%) indicating essential minerals, and high crude fiber (13.51 ± 0.71%) beneficial for metabolic health. Notably, protein (32.97 ± 2.62%) and oil (42.98 ± 3.12%) levels were remarkably high, highlighting its potential as a source of plant-derived proteins and bioactive lipids. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of α-tocopherol at retention times 6.3 and 6.5 minutes, with concentrations of 25.02 µg/mL and 18.52 µg/mL, respectively, validating its antioxidant richness. In vivo studies revealed significant hypoglycemic activity, as plasma glucose levels decreased from 113.03 ± 1.24 mg/dL in controls to 100.44 ± 3.76 mg/dL in treated rabbits (p<0.05). Similarly, HbA1c levels were markedly reduced (4.6 ± 0.28% vs. 3.1 ± 0.44%, p<0.05), suggesting improved long-term glycemic control. Conclusion: The comprehensive analysis demonstrates that Balanites aegyptiaca extract is a nutritionally rich, antioxidant-containing natural product with significant antidiabetic effects. These findings provide scientific validation for its traditional use and support its potential application in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical formulations targeting oxidative stress and metabolic disorders. Further mechanistic studies are recommended to elucidate its molecular pathways.