Evaluation of soil fertility condition and macro and micronutrients using biofertilizer (Azolla pinnata) at various sites in Prayagraj district, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

The soil of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, was sampled at many locations in 2024–2025 to evaluate the macronutrients (Organic Carbon, N, P, K, Ca & Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu & Co). Determine the availability of macro and micronutrients in the soil of these soil samples, perform chemical analysis of the soil at different depths of different locations, and present the village with a Soil Health Card were the main goals of this study. 32 sampling locations from various communities were chosen for the analysis. Organic carbon spans from 0.48 to 0.89 percent, nitrogen ranges from 0.8 to 8.5%, phosphorus ranges from 0.5 to 4.8%, and potassium ranges from 1.8 to 9.6%, according to the research. The pH range is 7.01 to 7.89. The levels of calcium and magnesium in soil range from 3.9 to 15.8% and 2.8 to 9.8%, respectively, and are adequate. Biofertilizer regulates the high concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Cr, and Pb) at different locations. The current study encourages the use of Azolla pinnata as a biofertilizer and illustrates the risks that heavy metals pose to human health and plants. This sustainable substitute enhances soil fertility, fertility status, and footprint while reducing issues related to heavy metal toxicity.