Molecular And Phenotypic Characterization Of Candida Species: Virulence Factors, Antifungal Susceptibility And Resistance Genes In Clinical Isolates

Abstract

Introduction: The lack of effective diagnostics and treatments, along with rising antifungal resistance, exacerbates the problem. Candida species have emerged as a significant cause of opportunistic infections. Alongside the expression of various virulence factors, the rise of antifungal resistance among Candida species presents a considerable clinical challenge.

Aim and Objective: To study the molecular and phenotypic characterization of candida species its virulence factors, antifungal susceptibility, and resistance genes in clinical isolates

Material and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the department of Microbiology. Candida species collected from patients received the department of Microbiology were processed. Identification was confirmed by standard microbiological techniques. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using CLSI guidelines. Phenotypic and Genotypic confirmation was carried. The Molecular characterization of resistance genes, CDR1, CDR2, MDR1 and  ERG11  was performed using PCR assays where DNA Qiagen Extraction kit was used .

Results: In the present study the prevalence of the ERG11 gene was detected in 13.2% of 53 Candida albicans isolates, with MDR1, CDR1, and CDR2 genes present in 7.5%, 3.7%, and 1.8% of isolates, respectively. Among non-Candida strains, the ERG11 gene was identified in 10.3% of 58 Candida tropicalis isolates, while MDR1, CDR1, and CDR2 genes were found in 3.4%, 3.4%, and 1.7% of isolates, respectively.In the case of Candida krusei (n = 15), the ERG11 gene was prevalent in 13.3% of isolates, followed by MDR1, CDR1, and CDR2 genes at 13.3%, 0%, and 6.6%, respectively. Lastly, among Candida glabrata isolates (n = 7), the ERG11 gene was identified in 14.3% of isolates, with MDR1, CDR1, and CDR2 genes present in 14.3%, 0%, and 3.3% of isolates, respectively

Conclusion: Precise identification of virulence factors in Candida species is essential for predicting the response to antifungal therapy and identifying emerging strains with increased resistance. The coexistence of life-threatening invasive Candida infections and resistance to antifungal drugs is a global concern, making it crucial to understand the relationship between virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility in Candida.This highlights the need for targeted antifungal therapy and further research into the mechanisms linking virulence factors with drug resistance to improve the management of Candida infections.