A Review on Immunopharmacology: Emerging Current therapies involved in targeting Autoimmune Disease and future perspectives

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases represent a diverse group of disorders characterized by immune-mediated attacks on the body’s own tissues and organs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of autoimmune diseases, covering their definition, epidemiology, mechanistic approach, clinical manifestations, current treatments, and future research directions. Autoimmune diseases can be categorized into organ-specific (e.g., type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and systemic (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis) conditions, each with distinct clinical presentations and underlying mechanisms. Genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and immunological dysregulation play critical roles in disease development. Common symptoms include fatigue, joint pain, skin manifestations, and organ-specific dysfunction, contributing to significant morbidity and impaired quality of life. Traditional treatments often involve broad immunosuppression, which can compromise host defense. Recent advances in immune-pharmacology have introduced targeted therapies aiming to modulate specific immune pathways, offering improved efficacy and safety profiles. This review explores current trends in immunopharmacological interventions for Autoimmune diseases, including biologics, small molecule inhibitors, and innovative approaches like inverse vaccines and tolerogenic therapies. We also discuss emerging strategies such as CAR-T cell therapy, mRNA-based treatments, and the role of epigenetics and artificial intelligence in personalizing therapy. These developments herald a new era in the management of AIDs, emphasizing precision medicine and long-term disease control.