Epigenetic Influence on Apoptosis and Necrosis: Mechanisms, Interplay, and Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

Epigenetic mechanisms profoundly influence cellular fate by regulating gene expression without altering DNA sequence. Among these cellular fates, apoptosis and necrosis represent distinct modes of cell death—programmed and unprogrammed, respectively—whose dysregulation underlies numerous pathological conditions including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and ischemic injuries. This paper explores the molecular basis through which epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs modulate apoptotic and necrotic pathways. It further examines the intricate interplay between these two death mechanisms and the emerging concept of necroptosis as an epigenetically controlled, regulated necrotic process. Finally, the study evaluates the therapeutic potential of epigenetic modulators in restoring cellular homeostasis and selectively inducing cell death in diseased tissues. The findings suggest that targeted manipulation of epigenetic regulators can reprogram cell fate decisions, opening new avenues for translational therapies in oncology and regenerative medicine.