Health Laws In India & Chemical Health Risks: An Analytical Overview

Abstract

Health laws in India represent a crucial intersection of constitutional guarantees, statutory provisions, and regulatory frameworks aimed at safeguarding public health. With the increasing industrialization, urbanization, and widespread use of chemicals in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, food processing, and manufacturing, chemical health risks have emerged as a significant concern. This paper presents an analytical overview of the legal landscape governing health in India, with special emphasis on chemical exposure and its impact on human well-being. It examines the constitutional foundation under Articles 21, 39(e), 47, and 48A, along with key legislations such as the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940; Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006; and Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020. Judicial pronouncements and public interest litigations have further expanded the ambit of health rights, recognizing the State’s responsibility in preventing hazardous chemical exposure. Despite these frameworks, challenges persist in enforcement, regulatory overlap, lack of awareness, and inadequate health infrastructure. By critically analyzing existing legal mechanisms, regulatory bodies, and global best practices, this study highlights the urgent need for robust policy implementation, scientific risk assessment, and stronger preventive measures. Ultimately, the paper argues that effective regulation of chemical health risks is essential not only to ensure the right to health as a fundamental right but also to achieve sustainable development and inter-generational equity.