Hydrolysed casein-a multifunctional approach to combat wound healing challenges

Abstract

Wounds remain a significant global health concern, often described as a “silent epidemic,” with conventional topical
therapies limited by antimicrobial resistance, high costs, and poor accessibility. Hydrolysed casein, obtained through
enzymatic breakdown of milk proteins, has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative due to its antimicrobial,
antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review consolidates evidence published between 2014 and 2024 from
PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, highlighting the role of hydrolysed casein in wound healing. Of 37 identified studies, 12
met inclusion criteria. Findings demonstrate that hydrolysed casein exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. In addition, it modulates immune responses by
suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhances granulation tissue formation, while its antioxidant activity protects
tissues from oxidative stress. Various innovative delivery platforms—including hydrogels, nanofibers, micelles, and
composite scaffolds—have been explored to improve stability, bioavailability, and clinical applicability. These systems
offer controlled release, ease of administration, and cost-effectiveness. Collectively, hydrolysed casein represents a
multifunctional, resistance-free, and affordable therapeutic candidate for wound healing, with significant translational
potential for future clinical use.