What is Journal of Carcinogenesis? Despite the advances in the treatment of cancer and the increasing knowledge of the processes responsible for the disease, there is a gap in the understanding of molecular events leading to cancer and the mechanisms of action by anticancer agents. The field of carcinogenesis is far from being completely explored. Many novel ideas and concepts still need to be introduced into the field, and the results of several provocative experiments are yet to be disseminated and shared. There is a need for multidisciplinary research in the field and a forum for accelerated publication of results. These are the considerations that led to the birth of the online journal, Journal of Carcinogenesis. Journal of Carcinogenesis is a peer-reviewed, online journal designed to bring together many aspects of research to develop the understanding of carcinogenesis. Edited by Gopala Kovvali, Journal of Carcinogenesis is supported by an international Editorial Board. Journal of Carcinogenesis considers manuscripts in many areas of carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention. Primary areas of interest to the journal include: physical and chemical carcinogenesis and mutagenesis; processes influencing or modulating carcinogenesis, such as DNA repair; genetics, nutrition, and metabolism of carcinogens; the mechanism of action of carcinogens and modulating agents; epidemiological studies; and, the formation, detection, identification, and quantification of environmental carcinogens. 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Analgesic Effect of Nepafenac vs Diclofenac Eye Drops on Pain Associated with Intravitreal Injections: A Comparative Study
Objective: This research is aimed at the investigation of analgesic properties of nepafenac and diclofenac eye drops to intravitreal injections in terms of pain. Methodology: This study was conducted in Ophthalmology department, Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi from 5th December 2025 to 5th March 2026. Sixty patients were equally divided into two groups by non-randomized sampling technique. Group A was treated with nepafenac eye drops and Group B was treated with diclofenac eye drops before the procedure. Pain associated with the intravitreal injection was measured on Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ). The data was analyzed by means of IBM SPSS version 23. Quantitative variables such as age and pain scores were presented in the form of mean and standard deviation whereas qualitative variables such as gender and comorbidities were presented in the form of frequency and percentages. The independent sample t-test was used to compare the pain levels between the two groups; the level of significance was considered as p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of the participants was 60.45±10.17 years with 93.3% of them being females. The mean immediate VAS scores and late VAS scores of nepafenac and diclofenac were 2.47±1.57 and 1.90±0.96 and 0.87±0.82 and 0.47±0.63 respectively. The late SF-MPQ scores were 0.63±0.61 for nepafenac group, and 0.40±0.56 for diclofenac group, the mean immediate SF-MPQ scores were 1.87±0.82 in the case of nepafenac group and 1.57±0.72 in the case of diclofenac group. There was a slight reduction in the pain scores of the diclofenac group but there was no significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Most of the patients only had a slight discomfort during the operation. Conclusion: Finally, the differences between nepafenac and diclofenac eye drops in terms of their capacity to reduce the pain following intravitreal injection are statistically insignificant. Either of the drugs can be applied topically to provide analgesia to patients undergoing intravitreal injection therapy to enhance their comfort.
Visual Analog Scale, Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, Nepafenac, Diclofenac, intra-vitreous injection and pain control.
Maryam Ozair, Asfandyar Asghar, Tehmina Nazir
Naila Obaid, Muhammad Azeem Khizer, Abdullah Naeem
Perinatal Outcome in Patients with Polyhydramnios in Uncomplicated Term Pregnancies
Objectives: To evaluate the perinatal outcomes of polyhydramnios in uncomplicated term pregnancies and to identify associated risk factors affecting maternal and neonatal outcomes. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CMH Kharian, over six months. A total of 87 women aged 1840 years with singleton pregnancies diagnosed with polyhydramnios after 41 weeks of gestation were included using non-probability consecutive sampling. Women with diabetes, fetal anomalies, intrauterine growth restriction, PROM, and other complications were excluded. Data were collected through clinical evaluation, ultrasound findings (AFI and SDVP), and laboratory investigations. Perinatal outcomes were recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Stratification and chi-square tests were applied, with p ≤ 0.05 considered significant. Results: The mean maternal age was 29.4 ± 5.2 years, and mean gestational age was 40.9 ± 0.6 weeks. Most women (55.2%) were aged 26–35 years, and 49.4% were multiparous. Cesarean section was the most common mode of delivery (62.1%). Adverse perinatal outcomes included low birth weight (6.9%), low APGAR score (13.8%), NICU admission (17.2%), stillbirth (3.4%), and early neonatal death (4.6%). Congenital anomalies were observed in a small number of cases. Higher NICU admissions were significantly associated with maternal age >30 years (p = 0.03), and cesarean delivery was associated with low APGAR scores (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Polyhydramnios in uncomplicated term pregnancies is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Advanced maternal age and cesarean delivery are significant risk factors. Careful antenatal surveillance and timely management are essential to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Polyhydramnios, Perinatal Outcomes, Nicu Admission, Cesarean Section, Apgar Score, Term Pregnancy, Maternal Age.
Kanwal Noreen, Shazia Nayyar, Sana Maham, Akasha Pervaiz
CXCL10 As A Potential Marker of Disease Activity in Pediatric Vitiligo
Introduction: Vitiligo is a common acquired depigmentary inflammatory disorder associated with negative psychosocial impacts in children and their caregivers. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 [CXCL10] is related to the Th1 response that facilitates T cell migration in many autoimmune conditions & augments melanocyte-targeted cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration into the epidermis to assault melanocytes, leading to melanin deficit. Objective: The aim of this research was to estimate serum CXCL10 concentration in pediatric vitiligo cases as an indicator of disease activity. Methods: Serum CXCL10 level was measured in 60 pediatric vitiligo patients [segmental vitiligo [num.=twenty], non-segmental active vitiligo [num.=22] and non-segmental stable vitiligo [n=18]], & 30 age and sex matched healthy control using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]. Vitiligo severity was estimated by vitiligo area scoring index [VASI] score & vitiligo disease activity [VIDA] score. Results: Serum CXCL10 level was significantly greater in cases [median=42.5] than control group [median=25.8] with highest serum level in non-segmental active vitiligo group [median=53.55] followed by segmental vitiligo patients [median=41.45] then non-segmental stable vitiligo patients [median=32.3]. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between serum CXCL10 level with VIDA score and VASI score [p=0.001]. Conclusion: Serum CXCL10 increased significantly in pediatric vitiligo patients, with significant positive correlation with VIDA and VASI scores.
Pediatric vitiligo, CXCL10, VIDA score, VASI score
Impact of Child Selected Customization of Twin Block Appliances on Acceptance and Compliance: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial
Background: Treatment acceptance and compliance are critical determinants of successful Twin Block therapy. Child-centered customization of removable appliances may enhance treatment engagement; however, evidence regarding its influence on acceptance and compliance remains limited. Aim: To evaluate the effect of child-selected customization of Twin Block appliances on treatment acceptance and self-reported compliance among children with Class II malocclusion. Methods: This multicenter, two-arm, parallel pilot randomized clinical trial included 30 children aged 8–12 years presenting with Class II malocclusion requiring Twin Block therapy. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either a conventional Twin Block (n = 15) or a customized Twin Block incorporating child-selected aesthetic features (n = 15). Treatment acceptance was assessed using a validated child-reported questionnaire, while self-reported compliance was evaluated using a single-item Likert scale. Assessments were performed at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months after appliance delivery. Results: Children in the customized group demonstrated significantly higher acceptance scores than those in the conventional group at all follow-up periods (p < 0.001). Acceptance scores gradually decreased over time in both groups; however, the customized group maintained significantly higher acceptance throughout the study period. Self-reported compliance was significantly higher in the customized group at 1 week (p = 0.006), but no significant differences were observed at 3 months (p = 0.185) or 6 months. Conclusions: Child-selected customization of Twin Block appliances significantly improved treatment acceptance and enhanced short-term compliance. Although the effect on compliance diminished over time, customized appliances consistently achieved higher acceptance scores than conventional appliances. Incorporating child-centered customization strategies may improve children’s experiences during removable functional orthodontic treatment.
Twin Block; Class II malocclusion; appliance customization; treatment acceptance; compliance; pediatric orthodontics.
Ahmed Akram EL-Awady, Khaled Farouk Abdallah,
Mohamed Mohamed Ali, Marwa Hassan Abdelmoniem
Ahmed Talaat Hussein Ali, Abdallah Mohammed Bahaa El-Din,
Impact of Cardiovascular Exercise on Functional Capacity and QoL in Athletes with Hearing Impairment
Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the effects of cardiovascular training on physical fitness and quality of life (QoL) among hearing-impaired athletes (HIAs). Specifically, the study examined the impact of cardiovascular training (CVT) on endurance, speed, agility, strength, flexibility, and psychosocial well-being. Methods: An experimental research design with pre-test and post-test assessments was used. A sample of HIAs was selected through purposive sampling from special education and sports institutions. Participants underwent a structured CVT program for a specified duration under supervised conditions. Physical fitness variables including endurance, speed, agility, strength, and flexibility were assessed using standardized fitness tests, while QoL was measured through the SF-36 QoL Questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and paired sample t-tests to determine significant differences between pre-test and post-test scores. Results: The findings revealed significant improvements in all selected physical fitness variables and QoL after the CVT intervention. Mean endurance scores improved from 6.42 ± 1.15 minutes to 9.18 ± 1.27 minutes (p < 0.05). Speed performance improved from 14.76±0.89 seconds to 13.21±0.74 seconds, while agility scores improved from 18.34±1.41 seconds to 15.92±1.16 seconds. Muscular strength increased from 28.47±4.32 repetitions to 36.81±4.95 repetitions, and flexibility scores improved from 18.25±3.17cm to 24.63±3.48cm. QoL scores also showed substantial improvement, increasing from 58.42±6.85 to 76.94±7.21 after the intervention. Statistical analysis confirmed that CVT had a positive and significant effect on both physical fitness and QoL among HIAs (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that cardiovascular training is an effective intervention for improving physical fitness and QoL among HIAs. Regular cardiovascular exercise significantly enhances endurance, speed, agility, strength, flexibility, and psychosocial well-being.
Cardiovascular Training, Physical Fitness, Quality of Life, Hearing Impaired Athletes, Endurance, Agility, Strength, Flexibility, Adapted Physical Education.
A Case Report of Clinical Remission of Multiple Myeloma with Yoga Prana Vidya Healing as complementary therapy
Background: Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by clonal proliferation, paraprotein secretion, and end organ damage. Despite advances in chemotherapy and immunotherapy, relapse and immune suppression remain challenges. Case Presentation: A 64 year old male physician diagnosed with IgG kappa myeloma in December 2025 presented with shoulder pain, back pain, and breathlessness. He received oral and injectable chemotherapy for four months. Concurrently, daily Yoga Prana Vidya (YPV) healing sessions (30 minutes morning and evening) were administered for four months. Results: Serial biomarkers showed dramatic decline in free kappa light chains (642.4 → 4.6 mg/L), normalization of kappa/lambda ratio (28.67 → 0.75), LDH reduction (378 → 203 U/L), and clearance of monoclonal protein by April 2026. Clinically, the patient resumed professional duties by the third month. Reports dated 19 April 2026 confirmed remission, though hypogammaglobulinemia persisted.(22-23) Discussion: Literature supports multimodal management of myeloma, with YPV offering adjunctive benefits in stress reduction, autonomic regulation, and immune modulation. This case highlights synergistic outcomes of conventional therapy and YPV healing. Conclusion: YPV healing may serve as a safe, cost effective complementary therapy in myeloma management, warranting further controlled studies.
Multiple Myeloma, Igg Kappa, Yoga Prana Vidya System ®, Ypv ®, Complementary Therapy,
Anvita Bhatt, Mohini Yagnik, Venkata Satyanarayana Nanduri
Frequency of Adhesion Formation after Septoplasty Using Nasal Septal Splints
Background: Septoplasty is commonly performed to correct a deviated nasal septum and improve nasal breathing. However, postoperative adhesions (nasal synechiae) are a frequent complication that may cause recurrent nasal obstruction. Nasal septal splints are used to prevent adhesion formation, but evidence of their effectiveness in the local population is limited. Objective: To determine the frequency of postoperative adhesion formation in patients undergoing septoplasty with nasal septal splints. Methods: This single-arm prospective observational study conducted from 20 November 2025 to 20 February 2026 at the Department of ENT, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, including 114 patients, having deviated nasal septum with nasal obstruction for more than 4 weeks. All patients underwent septoplasty under local anesthesia and bilateral nasal septal splints were placed at the end of surgery. Data were analyzed using SPSS-30. Association was assessed using Fisher exact test. Results: Mean age of patients was 39.41±12.04 years and mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.32±2.84 kg/m². Majority of patients were males 80(70.2%). Among 114 patients who underwent septoplasty with nasal septal splints, postoperative adhesions were absent in 107(93.9%) patients, whereas 7(6.1%) patients developed adhesions. Postoperative adhesion formation showed a statistically significant association with gender (p=0.024), while no significant association was observed with age, BMI, socioeconomic status, or residential status (p>0.05). Conclusion: A low frequency of postoperative adhesion formation was observed in patients undergoing septoplasty with nasal septal splints. Further comparative studies are recommended to evaluate their effectiveness against non-splint management.
Nasal septum; Postoperative complications; Septoplasty; Surgical splints
Farah Arshad, Inshaal Khalid, Maryam Zaheer
Food Additives in the Modern Food System: Balancing Innovation, Consumer Trust, and Public Health
Food additives have become indispensable components of the modern food system, supporting food preservation, nutritional stability, sensory enhancement, processing efficiency, and supply chain sustainability. Their widespread application has enabled the production of safe, affordable, and convenient foods capable of meeting the dietary demands of rapidly growing populations. Simultaneously, increasing consumer awareness regarding health, ingredient transparency, and food authenticity has intensified scrutiny of additive use, creating challenges for manufacturers and regulatory authorities. Public confidence is frequently influenced by media narratives, product labeling, and perceptions of naturalness, often resulting in discrepancies between scientific evidence and consumer beliefs. Consequently, balancing technological innovation with transparent risk communication and evidence-based regulation has emerged as a major priority for the global food industry. This paper critically examines the scientific foundations of food additive utilization, technological innovations supporting modern food production, determinants of consumer trust, and evolving public health considerations. It further evaluates international regulatory frameworks and identifies emerging opportunities for sustainable ingredient development and digital food governance. The study concludes that interdisciplinary collaboration, continuous safety assessment, transparent communication, and innovation-driven regulation are essential for ensuring consumer confidence while maintaining food safety, nutritional quality, and industrial competitiveness.
Food additives, Food safety, Consumer trust, Public health, Food innovation, Regulatory science
Food Additives in the Era of Clean Labels: Scientific Evidence, Public Perception, and Regulatory Challenges
The global food industry is experiencing a paradigm shift toward clean-label products as consumers increasingly demand foods that are perceived as natural, minimally processed, and free from artificial additives. This transition has intensified scientific discussions regarding the safety, technological necessity, and regulatory governance of food additives while simultaneously amplifying public concerns shaped by media narratives, health awareness, and market-driven claims. Although many approved food additives have undergone rigorous toxicological assessments and are considered safe within established acceptable daily intake limits, discrepancies between scientific evidence and consumer perception continue to influence purchasing behavior and product reformulation strategies. The absence of a universally accepted definition of the clean-label concept further complicates regulatory harmonization and industrial implementation across different jurisdictions. This paper critically examines the scientific evidence supporting the safety and functionality of food additives, evaluates consumer attitudes toward clean-label products, and analyzes emerging regulatory challenges faced by policymakers and the food industry. It also explores innovations in natural ingredient substitution and sustainable food processing that can reconcile consumer expectations with food safety, nutritional quality, and technological performance, thereby providing a comprehensive perspective on the future of clean-label food systems.
Food additives, Clean-label foods, Consumer perception, Food safety, Regulatory framework, Sustainable food processing.
Technical Analysis of Learning Paradigm in AI Systems
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology that enables machines to simulate human intelligence through learning, reasoning, and decision-making. The effectiveness of AI systems largely depends on the underlying paradigms that govern how machines acquire knowledge and adapt to their environment. This paper presents an analytical overview of the major paradigms of artificial intelligence, focusing on their principles, methodologies, and applications. By categorizing AI paradigms into distinct learning and reasoning frameworks, this study aims to provide a conceptual understanding of how intelligent systems evolve and perform complex tasks. The discussion highlights the strengths and limitations of each paradigm and emphasizes their role in advancing modern AI systems.
Artificial Intelligence, Paradigm, Technical, Autonomous agent.
Ms. Kharat Rupali, Dr. Badri Vish Tiwari
A Descriptive Evaluative Study of the Patient Safety Manual and Its Role in Improving Nursing Competency and Patient Safety
The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Patient Safety Manual (PSM) in enhancing nursing competency and improving hospital quality indicators across selected hospitals in Haryana. The study utilised a descriptive evaluative design utilising observational audits of nursing practices in conjunction with hospital records analysis to determine compliance with procedures and measurable clinical outcomes. ICU nurses had the highest competence ratings for medical administration, infection control, patient identification and adverse event reporting with some meaningful improvements in non-ICU general wards and surgical units too. The success of the introduction of PSM showed a large reduction in hospital quality indicators regarding hospital-acquired infections, medication prescription errors and patient falls biggest improvement was seen in infection control. Based on the similarities in domain, visual studies were conducted through grouped bar charts and line graphs & pie charts for justifying these patterns regarding PSM influence on respective safety domains. In conclusion, the results prove that structured manuals significantly enhance nursing performance, standardise clinical practice and develop a culture of patient safety in hospital settings.
Patient Safety Manual, Nursing Competency, Hospital Quality Indicators, Infection Control, Medication Errors, Patient Safety, Clinical Protocol Adherence
Geeta Rani, Dr. (Mrs.) Uma J. Deaver, Dr. Charan Singh
Impact of Emotional Maturity on Occupational Stress Among Police Constables
The present study examined the impact of emotional maturity on occupational stress among police constables. Policing is a highly demanding profession characterized by continuous exposure to psychological, organizational, and occupational stressors that may adversely affect employees' well-being and work performance. A sample of 200 police constables, comprising 120 males and 80 females, was selected through purposive sampling from various police units of Khairagarh District, Chhattisgarh. Emotional maturity was assessed using the Emotional Maturity Scale developed by Singh and Bhargava (1990), while occupational stress was measured using the Occupational Stress Index (OSI) developed by Srivastava and Singh (1981). A descriptive and correlational research design was employed to investigate the relationship between emotional maturity and occupational stress. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation, Simple Linear Regression Analysis, and Independent Samples t-test. The findings revealed a significant negative relationship between emotional maturity and occupational stress. Emotional maturity was also found to be a significant predictor of occupational stress. Furthermore, police constables with higher emotional maturity reported significantly lower occupational stress than those with lower emotional maturity. The study highlights the importance of emotional maturity as a psychological resource that helps police personnel effectively manage occupational demands and workplace stressors. The findings suggest that emotional development, counseling, and stress-management interventions may contribute to improved mental well-being and occupational effectiveness among police personnel.
Emotional Maturity, Occupational Stress, Police Constables, Psychological Well-being, Stress Management.
Abhishek Chauhan, Prof. (Dr.) Shaista Ansari
Role Of Glut - 1 In Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Histopathological Correlation
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in treatment, prognosis remains poor due to late diagnosis and aggressive tumor behavior. Altered glucose metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, and Glucose Transporter-1 (GLUT-1) plays a crucial role in facilitating increased glucose uptake in malignant cells. OBJECTIVES: To assess the histopathological features of oral squamous cell carcinoma and to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of GLUT-1 in OSCC compared with non-neoplastic oral epithelium. Additionally, the study aimed to correlate GLUT-1 expression with clinicopathological prognostic parameters including tumor size, histological grade, TNM stage, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion. Materials and methods: This prospective comparative study was conducted on 32 surgically resected OSCC specimens and 32 non-neoplastic oral squamous epithelium specimens received for routine histopathological examination. All tissues were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological evaluation. Tumors were graded and staged according to the AJCC (8th edition, 2017) staging system. Immunohistochemical staining for GLUT-1 was performed on paraffin-embedded sections. GLUT-1 expression was assessed based on membranous staining, percentage of positive cells, and staining intensity. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22, with a p value <0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS: All OSCC cases (100%) showed membranous GLUT-1 positivity. Strong GLUT-1 expression (3+) was observed in 62.5% of OSCC cases, while moderate expression was seen in 31.3% and low expression in 6.3%. None of the non-neoplastic cases showed strong GLUT-1 expression. Increased GLUT-1 expression was predominantly observed in tumors with advanced TNM stage (Stage III and IV), larger tumor size, and in cases with lymphovascular and perineural invasion. A highly significant difference in GLUT-1 expression was noted between OSCC and non-neoplastic tissues (p < 0.001). Conclusion: GLUT-1 expression was significantly increased in OSCC compared to non-neoplastic oral epithelium and showed a strong association with adverse histopathological prognostic factors. GLUT-1 may serve as a useful prognostic biomarker for identifying aggressive OSCC and high-risk patients.
GLUT-1 expression; Immunohistochemistry; Oral squamous cell carcinoma; Prognostic biomarker; Tumor aggressiveness
Dr.M.S. Manasa, Dr.Usha Muniyappa, Dr.Alluri Hema bhargavi
A Qualitative Theoretical Framework for Integrating Laboratory, Cardiovascular, Biomedical, Nursing, Pharmacy, and Family Medicine Roles in Contemporary Healthcare Systems
Contemporary healthcare systems are increasingly challenged by population aging, the rising prevalence of chronic diseases, rapid technological advancements, and the growing demand for coordinated multidisciplinary care. These challenges have exposed the limitations of fragmented healthcare delivery and highlighted the need for effective collaboration among healthcare professionals. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a qualitative theoretical framework for integrating the roles of Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Nursing, Pharmacy, and Family Medicine within contemporary healthcare systems. A qualitative theory development design was adopted using a comprehensive literature-based approach. Peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, international reports, and conceptual publications were critically analyzed to identify common themes and collaborative mechanisms that support interdisciplinary healthcare practice. The findings were synthesized through qualitative thematic analysis to construct an integrated conceptual framework. The results revealed that successful healthcare integration depends on five essential components: patient-centered care, interprofessional collaboration, effective communication, evidence-based practice, organizational leadership, and shared clinical decision-making. The proposed framework demonstrates that each healthcare discipline contributes specialized expertise while working collaboratively to improve diagnostic accuracy, medication safety, continuity of care, healthcare quality, and patient outcomes. The framework also emphasizes that effective interdisciplinary communication reduces fragmentation and strengthens coordinated healthcare delivery across different clinical settings. In conclusion, the proposed framework provides a comprehensive conceptual model that supports interdisciplinary collaboration and may guide healthcare professionals, educators, researchers, administrators, and policymakers in improving healthcare quality and developing integrated, sustainable, and patient-centered healthcare systems. Future studies are recommended to validate and apply the framework in different healthcare settings.
Qualitative theoretical framework, integrated healthcare, interdisciplinary collaboration, laboratory medicine, cardiovascular medicine, biomedical sciences, nursing, pharmacy, family medicine, patient-centered care.
Fayez Hammad Al-Shammari, Bejad Abdullah Aljohani
Ayman Saeed Alhawsawi, Abdullah Yahya Alfaifi
Khalid Yahya Jaber Alfalfi, Abdulaziz Mohammed Hadi Aseeri
Yahya Mofareh Mashyakhi, Sara Atiaha Almutairi
Sultan Khalid Falah Alzwehry, Aalaa Ahmed Bashaweih
Taghreed Hamad Alshaalan, Mohammed Hassan M. Alyosi
Immediate vs. Delayed Loading of Mandibular Mini-Implant Overdentures: A 12-Month Comparative Randomized Controlled Trial
Background and Aim: While mini-dental implants (MDIs) provide a minimally invasive surgical solution for prosthesis stabilization, the optimal timing for functional loading remains highly contested in the scientific literature. This clinical trial sought to evaluate the effects of immediate versus delayed loading protocols on marginal bone level (MBL) changes and peri-implant mucosal health around MDIs supporting mandibular overdentures. Methods: Twenty completely edentulous patients experiencing mandibular atrophy were randomly allocated (1:1 ratio) to either an Immediate Loading Group (n=10) or a Delayed Loading Group (n=10). Each participant received four one-piece mini-implants in the interforaminal region utilizing a flapless surgical approach. Implants in the immediate cohort were functionally loaded on the day of surgery via O-ring attachments. The delayed cohort received functional loading after a stringent three-month unloaded healing period. The primary outcome measure was MBL change, quantified via standardized digital periapical radiographs. Secondary outcomes included the Gingival Index (GI) and Probing Depth (PD). Statistical analysis was executed using repeated measures ANOVA and independent t-tests with a significance threshold set at α=0.05. Results: A total of 80 implants were placed, achieving a 100% cumulative survival rate at the twelve-month follow-up. Both groups exhibited progressive, physiological crestal bone remodeling. At twelve months, the Immediate Loading Group demonstrated a mean MBL of 0.87 ± 0.22 mm (95% CI: 0.79, 0.95), whereas the Delayed Loading Group exhibited a mean MBL of 1.01 ± 0.25 mm (95% CI: 0.92, 1.10). While this 0.14 mm variance was statistically significant (p = 0.042), it remains clinically negligible. GI scores were transiently lower in the immediate group at three and six months (p < 0.05) but converged completely by twelve months (Immediate: 1.88 ± 0.41; Delayed: 2.13 ± 0.52; p = 0.18). PD showed no statistically significant divergence between the cohorts across any observation interval. Conclusions: The immediate functional loading of 1.8 mm MDIs for the stabilization of mandibular overdentures resulted in highly comparable and predictable twelve-month clinical and radiographic outcomes when juxtaposed against a conventional delayed protocol. The immediate application of controlled functional forces did not precipitate adverse peri-implant tissue responses or pathological osteolysis, thereby validating the protocol as a predictable and patient-centric clinical modality.
Mandibular overdenture, mini-dental implants, immediate loading, marginal bone loss, flapless surgery, randomized controlled trial.
Waleed El-Sayed Meleek, Mostafa Abdel-Ghany
Abdelrahman Aly Karam, Ahmed Ragab Elbauomy
Rady Rady Elbaz, Esmail Ahmed Abdel-Gawwad
Marginal Discrepancy in Two CAD/CAM Zirconia Systems Subjected to Thermo Mechanical Cycling: A Stereomicroscopic Study
Background: Marginal adaptation constitutes a primary factor affecting the clinical longevity of all-ceramic fixed restorations. Despite the widespread clinical adoption of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP), concerns persist regarding its susceptibility to hydrothermal low-temperature degradation (LTD). Ceria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia/alumina nanocomposite (Ce-TZP/Al₂O₃; NANOZR) has been introduced as an alternative with potentially superior aging resistance. Objectives: The purpose of the current research was to compare the marginal gap of NANOZR and Y-TZP all-ceramic crowns fabricated via CAD/CAM, prior to and following simulated thermo-mechanical aging. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four full-coverage ceramic crowns were constructed on standardized epoxy-resin dies reproducing a mandibular first molar preparation (1.2 mm chamfer finish line; 1.5–2.0 mm occlusal reduction; 20° total occlusal convergence). Specimens were equally allocated to two groups (n = 12 each): Group I – NANOZR (Ce-TZP/Al₂O₃; Yamakin, Japan) and Group II – Y-TZP (Katana™; Kuraray Noritake, Japan). Each group was subdivided into aged (n = 6) and unaged (n = 6) subgroups. Thermo-mechanical aging was performed using a ROBOTA chewing simulator (150,000 cycles; 50 N; integrated thermocycling). Marginal gap measurements (20 points/crown) were obtained by stereomicroscopy at 45× and quantified using ImageJ software. Results: Prior to aging, no significant inter-group difference was detected (p = 0.281). Following aging, Y-TZP demonstrated significantly greater marginal discrepancy than NANOZR (p = 0.035). Irrespective of material, thermo-mechanical aging significantly elevated overall marginal gap values (p < 0.0001). All recorded values remained below the 120 µm clinically acceptable threshold. Conclusions: NANOZR exhibited superior marginal stability relative to Y-TZP following simulated oral aging, likely attributable to its nanocomposite alumina-reinforced microstructure conferring resistance to LTD. Both materials produced clinically acceptable marginal gaps under the conditions tested. Thermo-mechanical aging adversely affected marginal adaptation in both ceramic systems.
Zirconia; Dental Marginal Adaptation; Computer-Aided Design; Dental Ceramics; Materials Testing.
Abdelrazek M. Fayed, Abdelrahman Essam Abdelrahman Elamassy
Ahmed Mohammed Saleem Abdelglel, Mostafa M. Ahmed
Suad M. Hassan, Ashraf Marawan El Azzazy
Cancer in Unani, Ayurvedic & Allopathic Medicine, Historical foundations, Traditional concept, Herbal therapeutics & Future Direction- A review article
Cancer is a complex group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, invasion of surrounding tissues, and metastasis to distant organs. It remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, driven by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle-related risk factors. Despite significant advancements in modern oncology, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, the global cancer burden continues to rise, highlighting the need for integrated approaches to prevention, diagnosis, and management. This review explores the historical evolution of cancer understanding from ancient civilizations to modern molecular biology. Early descriptions from Egyptian medical papyri and Hippocratic writings laid the foundation for tumor recognition, while the contributions of Galen, Renaissance anatomists, and 19th-century pathologists such as Virchow established cancer as a disease of abnormal cellular proliferation. In modern medicine, cancer is defined as a genetic and molecular disorder, forming the basis of the field of Oncology. The study further compares conceptual frameworks of cancer in traditional systems of medicine, including Ayurveda and Unani, where cancer-like conditions are described as Arbuda, Granthi, and Sartan, attributed to imbalances in biological humors, doshas, and toxic accumulation. These systems emphasize detoxification, restoration of physiological balance, and herbal-based therapeutic interventions. Finally, the review highlights emerging trends in cancer management, including precision medicine, immunotherapy, liquid biopsy, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence-driven diagnostics. The future of oncology is expected to focus on early detection, personalized treatment, reduced toxicity, and integration of evidence-based traditional therapies with modern medical science to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Cancer, Oncology, Ayurveda, Unani medicine, Herbal therapeutics, Immunotherapy, Precision medicine, History of medicine, Integrative oncology.
Dr. Jameel Ahmad Mohammad Abbas, Dr. Aslaaf Nayeem Shaikh
Dr. Shaikh Mudassar Shaikh Altaf Maniyar
Miss Jyoti Ashok Choudhari, Miss Nitisha Yuvraj Rangari
Unfolding the Intellectuality of Smart Tourism
The creative uses of smart tourism have increased marketing effectiveness in the last ten years. The concept of smart tourism is still developing in the literature, and this study aimed to outline its evolution and current intellectual structure. The objective of this article is to examine the changes in smart tourism research by using keyword co-occurrence frequency, keyword centrality, and clustering. Furthermore, this study investigated the duration along with the evolution of the intellectual structure similarities by examining the correlation index of keyword centrality between different time segments. This is the first study in tourism literature that uses five centralities (i.e., degree, betweenness, closeness, eigenvector, and page rank) and network analysis to demonstrate changes in the intellectual structure of smart tourism. 724 documents published in Web of Science and Scopus were divided into 7-time segments. The keyword "Smart services" was found with the highest frequency and centrality. The continuous changes in keyword usage in different time segments revealed that the keyword "smart tourism" emerged during the 2017-2018 and 2021-2022 segments only. The research findings of this article may be helpful for academicians and practitioners of smart tourism.
Smart Tourism, Intellectual Structure, Evolution, Paradigm Shift, Centrality, Network Analysis
Machine Learning–Driven Computational Identification of Prognostic Gene Signatures In Human Cancers With Experimental Validation
Background: Cancer is a major cause of both morbidity and mortality in global contexts, and hence, there exists a need to have valid prognostic biomarkers that could be used to guide individualized treatment modalities. The development of computational biology and machine learning has facilitated the discovery of prognostic gene signatures, but their clinical application is mostly subject to experimental validation. It is thus imperative to combine computational analysis with experimental validation in coming up with clinically meaningful prognostic models. Objective: This paper aimed to examine how computational and machine learning methods can be used to discover prognostic gene signatures in human cancer and to assess the relevance of experimental validation in making them more useful in clinical practice. Methodology: A structured questionnaire based on a quantitative, cross-sectional study design, where 222 respondents with expertise in bioinformatics, computational biology, and cancer research could complete the questionnaire. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, machine learning–assisted computational analysis normality test, reliability and validity test, and inferential statistics, which included: independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Chi-Square test of independence, Pearson correlation test, and multiple regression analysis. The statistical tests were conducted on SPSS, and the level of significance was set at p 0.05. Results: Findings showed that the data were normally distributed and, as such, showed high reliability and construct validity. The results of inferential tests showed that demographic variables and the key constructs of the study had significant differences and relationships. Pearson correlation machine learning–assisted computational analysis revealed that there were strong positive relationships between computational understanding, confidence in computational methods, experimental validation, and clinical usefulness. Regression analysis revealed that the predictors of clinical usefulness were found to be significantly positive and were as follows: computational understanding, confidence in computational methods, and experimental validation, explaining a significant percentage of variance in the model. Conclusion: The results of this paper support the idea that computational detection of prognostic gene signatures, when used with experimental validation, substantially increases their clinical usefulness. The paper discusses the significance of integrative machine learning–driven computational and experimental strategies in the future of cancer prognostics studies and as a tool in the personalized management of cancer.
Machine learning, Computational biology, Prognostic gene signatures, Cancer genomics, Experimental validation, Bioinformatics, Clinical usefulness.
Elton Bicalho do Carmo, Md Ahnaf Tajwar Kamal
Nawfat Kamal Munifa, Surya Mohan Reddy Kattera
AI-Driven Assessment of The Efficacy And Safety of Gene and Cell-Based Therapies for Ischemic Heart Disease: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials
Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In spite of the new technology in revascularization and pharmacotherapy, a significant number of patients still report refractory angina, dysfunction of perfusion and chronic ventricular dysfunction. Gene and cell-based regenerative therapies are some of the biological interventions that have been identified as promising because of their ability to promote angiogenesis, reduce ischemic injury, and augment myocardial repair. The results of clinical trials have however been inconsistent and the overall effectiveness, safety, and quality of such therapies have not been adequately synthesized. Objective: To carry out a systematic review and assessment of the effectiveness, safety, and methodological quality of clinical trials on gene-based and cell-based therapies of IHD, and also to compare therapeutic outcomes among the various types of vectors, various cell populations, different routes of delivery, and types of imaging. Methods: A methodical search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and IEEE Xplore and Google Scholar was done to find studies published between 2000 and January 2024. They consisted of randomized controlled trials, controlled cohorts, and phase I-III human clinical trials on gene or cell therapies to treat IHD. Screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted by two independent reviewers based on Cochrane RoB 2 and ROBINS-I software. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the outcomes of LVEF, perfusion indices, angina frequency, 6-minute walk distance and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Correlation analysis was used to measure relationships among dose, sample size, delivery route, imaging modalities and therapeutic results. Results: Out of the 5,820 records identified, 42 trials comprising of 4980 treated patients and 3450 controls had passed the inclusion criteria. Combined results showed an improvement of +4.2% (95% CI 3.152) in mean LVEF and 9.1% in mean perfusion defect in treatment groups, with the most functional improvements of +56) and VEGF/HGF gene therapies having the greatest perfusion improvements. Symptomatic improvement entailed a decrease of 3.8 angina episodes/week and increment of 46 meters in 6-minute walk distance. The results of safety outcomes were positive as there were no significant differences between the controls and mortality, arrhythmias, and MACE. Correlations found therapeutic response positively correlated with increased cell count or higher dose of vectors (r = 0.62), intramyocardial delivery (r = 0.71), and AI-assisted quantification of imaging (r = 0.58). The methodological heterogeneity was still high particularly in the type of delivery methods, types of vectors, cell processing, and follow-up period. Conclusions: Both gene-based and cell-based therapy has shown promising efficacies along with satisfactory safety profiles in the enhancement of myocardial perfusion, ventricular functioning, and symptom burden of IHD. Angiogenic gene vectors, MSCs, and CPCs seem to be the most efficient. Nevertheless, variability in the protocols, small sample size, and short follow up periods are a limitation to clinical translation. To advance in the future, it is necessary to conduct large and multicentric trials using standardized means of delivery, using standardized imaging criteria, using AI-enhanced outcome measurement, and conducting long-term safety follow-up. Regenerative therapies with proper standardization and validation can become a permanent part of the precision cardiology of patients with severe ischemic disease.
Heart disease ischemic; Artificial Intelligence; gene therapy; stem cell therapy; cardiac regeneration; myocardial perfusion; angiogenesis; regenerative medicine; clinical trials.
Md Samir Murad, Mohammad Delowar Hossain Gazi
Surya Mohan Reddy Kattera, Kashafat Tanjil Safina
Stem Cell Therapy Applications in Surgical Wound Repair: A Qualitative Systematic Review
Background: Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising regenerative approach for enhancing surgical wound healing. Wound repair is a complex biological process involving inflammation, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. However, various clinical conditions such as diabetes and vascular insufficiency may impair this process and lead to delayed healing. Methods: This qualitative systematic review aimed to explore the biological mechanisms, clinical applications, and translational challenges of stem cell therapy in surgical wound repair. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Priority was given to recent studies published from 2019 onward; however, seminal earlier studies were included where foundational mechanistic or regulatory relevance justified their inclusion. Results: The findings indicate that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a significant role in wound healing through immunomodulation, promotion of angiogenesis, and enhancement of extracellular matrix remodeling. Various delivery methods, including direct injection and biomaterial scaffolds, have shown promising outcomes. However, several challenges remain, including variability in stem cell sources, lack of standardized protocols, and regulatory limitations affecting clinical translation. Conclusions: Stem cell therapy demonstrates substantial potential in improving surgical wound healing and tissue regeneration. Despite encouraging results, further standardized clinical trials and regulatory frameworks are required to support widespread clinical application.
Wound healing; Stem cells; Mesenchymal stem cells; Regenerative medicine; Tissue engineering; Surgical wound repair
Zainab Ali AlSalem, Lamis Shafi Raddad Alanzi
Omar Hatim Alshammari, Maram Meshal AL Amari
Samar Hazza Alojmani, Talah Abdulelah Ahjuhni
Saud Sultan Alharbi, Bashg Mohammed AlMandil
Impact of Post–Cardiac Valve Replacement Surgery Nutrition on Recovery, Inflammation, And Quality of Life Among Cardiac Patients
Background: After cardiac valve replacement surgery, there is a pronounced inflammatory response and heightened metabolic rate. The adequacy of nutrition may affect immune modulation, recovery parameters, and quality of life (QOL), but there is a paucity of combined prospective data. Objective: To assess the effect of postoperative nutritional status on inflammation, recovery, and QOL in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement surgery. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was performed from January 2026 to March 2026 in a tertiary care cardiothoracic surgery unit. A total of 250 adult patients (18-80 years) undergoing elective aortic, mitral, or double valve replacement surgery were studied. Postoperative nutritional status was determined by dietary and biochemical parameters (calorie and protein intake, serum albumin, prealbumin, hemoglobin, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acid intake), and patients were classified as having adequate, moderate, or poor nutrition. Inflammatory response was measured by CRP levels (Day 1, Day 3, and Day 7). Recovery parameters included wound healing score, ejection fraction (EF), and ambulation time. QOL was measured by SF-36/WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires at baseline (discharge), 1 month, and 3 months. Statistical analysis included descriptive and comparative statistics using independent t-test/ANOVA, with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: Mean age was 56.27 ± 12.74 years, with 133 (53.2%) male and 117 (46.8%) female patients. CRP values reduced in all nutritional groups from Day 1 to Day 7. In the adequate nutrition group, mean CRP reduced from 30.43 ± 12.51 (Day 1) to 21.03 ± 11.96 (Day 7). Comparison between adequate and poor nutrition groups revealed no statistically significant difference in CRP values on Day 1 (p=0.973), Day 3 (p=0.975), and Day 7 (p=0.937). Recovery rates were in favor of the adequate nutrition group, with higher wound healing score (7.50 ± 1.70 vs 7.02 ± 1.64, p=0.155), slightly higher EF (55.12 ± 5.83 vs 53.90 ± 5.76, p=0.329), and earlier ambulation (3.82 ± 1.42 vs 4.24 ± 1.51 days, p=0.228) compared with the poor nutrition group. QOL scores improved progressively in all groups; at 3 months, QOL scores were higher in the adequate nutrition group (73.33 ± 5.11) compared with the poor nutrition group (71.57 ± 5.66), with a near-significant trend (p=0.095). Conclusion: Nutritional adequacy postoperatively showed consistent favorable trends towards recovery and 3-month QOL post cardiac valve replacement surgery, while the lack of statistically significant difference in early postoperative CRP levels between adequate and poor nutrition groups was noted.
Cardiac valve replacement; Postoperative nutrition; Inflammation; C-reactive protein; Recovery outcomes; Wound healing; Quality of life; SF-36; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Nutritional status.
Dr. Amrita Masih, Dr. Rakesh Verma, Anuradha Singh
Effectiveness of Arthrocentesis for TMJ Disorders - A Retrospective Analysis
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most complex and frequently used joints in the human body. It is a bilateral synovial articulation that connects the mandibular condyle to the temporal bone of the skull and plays a vital role in essential functions such as mastication, speech, swallowing, yawning, and facial expression. The joint consists of the mandibular condyle, articular eminence, glenoid fossa, articular disc, ligaments, and associated muscles, all of which work in harmony to facilitate smooth mandibular movements(1). Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJDs) represent a group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions affecting the TMJ, masticatory muscles, and associated structures. These disorders are among the most common causes of non-dental orofacial pain and can significantly impair an individual’s quality of life. Clinical manifestations of TMJDs include pain in the preauricular region, joint sounds such as clicking or crepitus, restricted mouth opening, deviation of the mandible during movement, headaches, ear-related symptoms, and difficulty in chewing.(2) The etiology of TMJDs is multifactorial and may involve trauma, parafunctional habits, psychological stress, occlusal discrepancies, inflammatory conditions, and degenerative joint diseases(2,3).
Cytotoxicity and Anti Oxidant Effect of Malaleuca Alternifolia
Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been extensively used in traditional healthcare systems for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. In developing countries, a large proportion of the population continues to depend on traditional medicine due to its accessibility, affordability, and perceived safety. Natural products derived from medicinal plants have gained significant attention as potential therapeutic agents because they contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds with pharmacological properties. Consequently, medicinal plants have become an important source for the discovery and development of novel drugs used in the treatment of infections, cancer, inflammatory disorders, and other chronic diseases.(1)
Samudhrasri S, DR. S Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
Impact of Diabetes on Clinical, Radiological, and Microbiological Parameters in Patients Suspected of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a documented risk factor that modifies the clinical course and severity of pulmonary tuberculosis. Therefore, this study compares the clinical presentation, radiological features, and microbiological findings of pulmonary tuberculosis patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Methodology: This cross-sectional experimental study was conducted in institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IBMS), Khyber Medical University. A total of 103 patients aged ≥18 years diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis, categorized into two groups based on their diabetic status: with Diabetes (n = 52) and without Diabetes (n = 51), were included in the study. A chi-square test was used to examine the association of clinical, radiological and microbiological findings between both groups. Additionally, a Mann Whitney test was employed to analyze the relationship between the means of demographic variables between groups. Results: The study findings showed that the diabetic patients more frequently reported weight loss 48(92.3%) vs. 39(76.5%) and reduced appetite 47(90.4%) vs. 33(64.7%). On chest X-ray, lower zone involvement was significantly higher in diabetics 29(55.8%), while non-diabetics showed more upper 16(31.4%) and middle zone 18(35.3%) opacities. CT findings similarly showed predominant lower zone disease in diabetics 28(53.8%) and greater upper zone involvement in non-diabetics 17(33.3%). Microbiological tests including AFB culture (28.8% vs. 25.5%) and ZN staining (26.9% vs. 25.5%), did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that diabetic patients exhibited significantly higher rates of weight loss, reduced appetite, and a greater burden of lower-zone lung involvement on both CXR and CT imaging, whereas non-diabetic patients more frequently showed upper and middle zone abnormalities and mediastinal changes.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis, sputum, clinical symptoms, chest X-ray.
Rahmat Ullah Jan, Satheesh Babu Natarajan, Nasir Ali
Prakṛti Assessment Through Artificial Intelligence: Classical Foundations, Computational Approaches, And Future Directions In Personalised Āyurvedic Medicine — A Comprehensive Narrative Review
Background- Prakṛti (psychophysiological constitution) is a foundational concept in Āyurveda that determines individual susceptibility to disease, drug response, and therapeutic outcomes. Traditional Prakṛti assessment relies on subjective clinical evaluation — physical examination, questionnaires, and pulse diagnosis — which suffers from inter-practitioner variability, lack of standardisation, and limited scalability. The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) technologies offers transformative potential for objectifying, standardising, and scaling Prakṛti assessment through computational approaches. Objective- To comprehensively review the classical conceptualisation of Prakṛti in Āyurveda, systematically evaluate contemporary AI and ML approaches for Prakṛti classification including questionnaire-based models, pulse waveform analysis, facial image recognition, tongue diagnosis, genomic data mining, natural language processing, and wearable sensor integration; and to critically assess the current evidence, methodological challenges, ethical considerations, and future directions for AI-driven Prakṛti assessment in personalised medicine. Methods- Classical Āyurvedic texts (Charaka Samhitā Vimāna Sthāna 8, Suśruta Samhitā Śārīra Sthāna 4, Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayam Śārīra Sthāna 3) were reviewed for the Prakṛti framework. Published peer-reviewed literature on AI/ML applications in Prakṛti assessment was searched on PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Google Scholar, DHARA, and AYUSH Research Portal using terms 'Prakriti machine learning', 'Ayurveda artificial intelligence', 'constitution classification deep learning', 'pulse diagnosis AI', 'Ayurvedic phenotyping computational', 'Prakriti genomics AI', and related terms. Publications from 2010 to 2025 were included. Grey literature including conference proceedings and dissertations were also considered. Results- Multiple AI/ML modalities have been applied to Prakṛti classification. Questionnaire-based models using Random Forest, SVM, and ANN achieve 75–93% classification accuracy for three-class (Vāta/Pitta/Kapha) discrimination. Pulse waveform analysis using piezoelectric/PPG sensors combined with CNN and LSTM architectures achieves 70–92% accuracy. Facial image analysis using computer vision and transfer learning (VGG16, ResNet) demonstrates 65–85% concordance with expert assessment. Genomic data integration using supervised learning on SNP profiles and gene expression data achieves significant Prakṛti discrimination. NLP-based analysis of classical texts enables automated feature extraction. Wearable IoT platforms combining multi-modal data show promising preliminary results. Key challenges include small datasets, class imbalance, lack of gold-standard labelling, and limited external validation. Conclusion - AI-driven Prakṛti assessment represents a high-potential convergence of traditional knowledge and modern computational science. While current evidence demonstrates feasibility and promising accuracy across multiple modalities, the field requires larger datasets, standardised clinical labelling protocols, multi-modal data fusion approaches, external validation across diverse populations, and robust ethical frameworks for deployment. The integration of AI-based Prakṛti tools into clinical Āyurvedic practice, telemedicine, preventive health screening, and pharmacogenomics could fundamentally transform personalised medicine delivery.
Artificial Intelligence, Āyurveda, Classification, Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Personalised medicine, Phenotyping, Prakṛti, Tridoṣa, Wearable sensors
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Carica papaya Leaf Extract and Their Enhanced Antibacterial Activity
Background: The emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has necessitated the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using medicinal plant extracts offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods. Carica papaya leaves are rich in bioactive phytochemicals that can act as reducing and stabilizing agents during nanoparticle synthesis. Aim: The present study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles using Carica papaya leaf extract, characterize the synthesized nanoparticles, and evaluate their antimicrobial efficacy against selected bacterial and fungal pathogens. Materials and Methods: Aqueous leaf extract of Carica papaya was prepared and utilized for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans at concentrations of 25 and 100 µg/mL. Results: UV–Visible spectroscopy confirmed nanoparticle formation through the appearance of a characteristic absorption band around 260–280 nm. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of hydroxyl, amine, and phenolic functional groups involved in nanoparticle reduction and stabilization. SEM images demonstrated irregularly shaped and aggregated nanoparticles. Antimicrobial studies revealed significant inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, with inhibition zones of 23 mm and 28 mm respectively at 100 µg/mL concentration. Conclusion: Carica papaya leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and exhibited promising antimicrobial activity. The synthesized nanoparticles may serve as potential candidates for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
Innovation, Sustainability, Carica papaya, Silver nanoparticles, Green synthesis, Antimicrobial activity, SEM, FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy.
Knowledge and Awareness of Socket Preservation Procedures Among Dental Students - A Survey
Introduction: The volume of the alveolar bone after extraction is maintained through socket preservation, typically for an implant or fixed partial denture pontic site. This surgery aids in making up for the loss of facial bone tissue. When implant placement must be postponed due to patient- or site-related issues, socket preservation should be taken into account. Autograft, allograft, xenograft, and alloplast are frequently used as biomaterials in socket grafting procedures. Materials and Methodology: An online survey was conducted among 200 undergraduate dental students consisting of questions on socket preservation, its usage, forms, types of grafts to test their knowledge. The result was obtained and respective responses were statistically analyzed in SPSS using descriptive analysis. Results: 66% of the students did not have knowledge about the use of socket preservation. 56% answered correctly that the growth factors used for socket preservation are BMP-2 and MSC. 67% were unaware that guided bone regeneration can improve ridge height and width. 56% of the students knew autograft is the golden standard when it comes to grafts. 45% were aware that socket sealing aids better tissue healing. Conclusion: The knowledge of socket preservation, its techniques and various bone grafts is unsatisfactory among dental students. There is a need for more knowledge, awareness and research regarding socket preservation.
Awareness, Grafting, Knowledge, Ridge Grafting, Socket Preservation, Socket Sealing, Wellbeing, Health, Disease
A Study of Post Operative Complications of Thyroid Surgery
Introduction- Thyroidectomy continues a difficult surgical treatment. Because are numerous critical & sensitive anatomy elements near area of thyroid, as well as great blood supply in area of neck, which makes procedure highly vulnerable to difficulties. Methodology- This Prospective Cohort Study was conducted among postoperative patient who are diagnosed with thyroid swelling among 50 Inpatients and outpatients selected using Convenient Sampling. Patients admitted and positively diagnosed as having thyroid swellings requiring surgical management and willing for surgery and above 18 years were included in this study. Demographic data such as age and sex will be recorded. Patients will be interviewed for the history and a thorough physical examination will be conducted including Vitals, Systemic examination, neck examination after due informed consent is taken. Results- Thyroid disease is more common in females in the male female ratio of 1:8. Overall incidence of hypocalcemia is (15/54) 27.7%. All of them are transient and none is permanent. Incidence of hypocalcemia is more in more extensive surgery. Highest in total thyroidectomy. Two cases of cord paralysis was seen. Conclusion- There has been a significant reduction in the incidence of complications and mortality in thyroid surgery due to improved surgical techniques.
Thyroidectomy, Post op complications, Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy
Akash Krishna, G. Muralidharan, Reshma Rajeev
Suture Length To Wound Length Ratio For Healing and Occurrence of Incisional Hernia of Midline Laparotomy Incisions
Introduction- Incisional hernia increases the length of hospital stay, readmission, future surgery, delayed adjuvant treatment, suboptimal esthetic outcome, and impaired psychosocial well-being. Methodology- Prospective Comparison Type of Study with Sample size of 110 and Sampling technique used was Convenient Sampling. All patients undergoing abdominal procedure through a midline incision, older than 18 years and with Elective and Emergency laparotomy surgeries operated for Intra-abdominal pathology were included in the study while subjects with mentally incapable of giving consent, who have undergone multiple abdominal surgeries and patients who had an incisional hernia after previous midline operation. Quantitative variables like age, mean length of incision will be analyzed and presented using mean and SD. Chi square test or Fisher's exact test was used. Results- Mean age was comparable in between both groups. Comparison of patients based on ASA among Group A and B calculated using chi square test, p=0.01, which is <0.05 which shows statistical Significant difference between ASA Score among Group A and B. Suture material used among Group A and B by Unpaired t- test, p=0.07, which is >0.05 which shows no Statistical Significant difference. Conclusion- The suture length to wound length ratio depends on the size of tissue bites, the distance between bites and the tension on the suture.
Tummapala Sai Dutt Bharat, G Muralidharan